Liv efter liv by Gads Forlag. Published on Apr 2. Liv efter liv er k. Nr. September 2. 01. Sektion 1. 3. Re- writing linguistic history – (post)colonial reality on the fringes of linguistic theories. Sektionsleiter . Anchimbe (University of Bayreuth, Germany) Dokumentation . Postcolonial criticism mainly refers to detailed analyses of various discursive manifestations of colonial and imperial ideologies. As a part of this, the construction of self and other/s within a colonial frame has become a central object of research. Here, language as a tool and a medium for constructing ideological meanings plays a central role; it has become a primary focus of postcolonial analyses. A number of linguistic studies focusing on the interrelationship of linguistics and colonialism, especially in colonial situations and with regard to language planning, have been completed (see e. The strong tradition of describing non- European languages in an often evaluative way finds its unreflected roots in colonialism. Dansk makkerpar laver solid overraskelse i Paris 3 min. The perspective in most of these studies is still an imperial one that doesn’t reflect the power relations inherent in this kind of research, its presuppositions or its classifications. This is particularly true for disciplinary classifications that have a strong impact on many parts of linguistic theory building including categorizations of, and within, languages through or during grammar writing, or the close connection between the construction of race and linguistic differences.(2) Above all, comparative historical linguistics is centrally connected to – if not profoundly based on – the process of European colonialism from the 1. The transfer of oral into written cultures and the written agendas of earlier . Moreover, questions of typology, the relationship between assumed cultural development and the . The development of pidgin and creole languages as a result of colonization processes has been reflected by De. Graff (2. 00. 1, 2. M. They have among other things shown how the concept of creoles has evolved in historical contexts and with regard to the political impetus these languages and their form of categorization have. Typological categorizations of languages are not neutral or objective scientific processes but they reflect power relations and ideas about more and less important elements in languages evolving from communicative contact situations. If we have a look into how linguistics categorizes creole languages in Africa or the Caribbean, we observe that they are terminologically, categorized according to the respective European languages which are part of the respective Creole, e. Yoruba- based Creole (see also M. The European languages are thus taken as more central, as the norm for the traditional categorization of Creoles.(3)A critical linguistic perspective has only recently begun to develop for some of these topics as the references above illustrate. Within this field of interest, aspects of language politics in former colonized countries is perhaps the main issue currently discussed in linguistics (see e. Fabian 1. 98. 6, Irvine 1. Calvet 1. 99. 8, Blommaert 1. Most of all, the different language policies, in particular of England and France, are discussed with regard to their still ongoing effects in different parts of the world.(4) Brathwaite (1. Caribbean English it is derogatory to speak of English dialects as it underlines the idea of an English standard identical to British English, and a standardized deviation, U. S. Instead, Brathwaite (1. But it is an English which is not the standard, imported, educated English, but that of the submerged, surrealist experience and sensibility, which has always been there and which is now increasingly coming to the surface and influencing the perception of contemporary Caribbean people. It is what I call, as I say, nation language. Han har rejst over det meste af jorden, og udl.I use the term in contrast to dialect. Dialect is thought of as . Dialect is the language used when you want to make fun of someone. Dialect has a long history coming from the plantation where people’s dignity is distorted through their language and the descriptions, which the dialect gave to them. Nation language, on the other hand, is the submerged area of that dialect which is much more closely allied to the African aspect of experience in the Caribbean. It may be in English: but often is in an English which is like a howl, or a shout or a machine- gun or the wind or a wave. Today, language as nation language in former colonized regions is mainly discussed as being a medium of identity for independent societies. But these societies are at the same time in need of a global communication language.
Arguments for or against European languages as official languages in African, Asian or Caribbean countries oscillate roughly speaking between these poles. Zabus (1. 99. 1: 7. These investigations build part of the so called . It is however, also essential to thoroughly consider the influence of colonial activities on the colonizers and their languages as well. It is thus stated here that postcolonial linguistics also has to take into account, how the position and self- understanding of the colonizers has been formed and constituted and whether there are any linguistic continuities of colonialism today to be found. By incorporating Critical Whiteness Studies(7) into this kind of historiographic linguistic research, hegemonic norms within European linguistics could be questioned. Thus, the claim for a critical postcolonial linguistics is understood as crucial to research in, and for, postcolonial linguistics (see also Anchimbe 2. The adjective . By calling it critical postcolonial linguistics, research is regarded here as an ideological and powerful discursive practice. In this article, it is argued that discursive formations of colonialism are an important research need within postcolonial linguistics as well. The interrelationship between the colonial and the so- called postcolonial period(8) could be examined with respect to their (verbal and discursive) continuities and discontinuities, argumentation structures and power positions. To give only a short example, there are numerous rhetorical figures from colonial times in colonial discourses, which can still be found today in many different discourses, for example, in journalism and travel writing. Rhetorical strategies applied by colonizers to depict the colonized in different genres like science, media and literature, like surveillance, appropriation, aestheticization, idealization and naturalization, are still used today in depictions of non- Western cultures from a Western perspective. Rhetorical continuities are astonishingly recurrent; they can even show (post)colonial continuities in thinking and conceptualization (see Spurr 1. English colonial discourses from the 1. See also Hornscheidt and G. Linguistics in the aforementioned sense could give important and interesting insights into processes of verbal constructions of colonial identities – of the colonised as well as of the colonisers – during and after colonialism. I would like to emphasize that this process is twofold: not only are the colonized constructed as others in hegemonic colonial discourses but the colonizers are constructed in those discourses in their . I take this observation as a starting point for the empirical part of my article, in which I would like to show that a research perspective investigating the effects of colonialism on the colonizers and the role language plays should be a central issue in a critical postcolonial linguistics. They range from large dictionaries with a documentary purpose to smaller ones for a more general public daily usage. Two of the dictionaries focus on the collection of . A wide range of different monolingual dictionaries is thus represented. The largest, and until today most highly regarded Danish dictionary, ODS (see appendix for abbreviation code), was published between 1. Danlexgruppen 1. 98. Hjorth 1. 99. 0, 1. Only recently a partly state- funded and comparably large dictionary project has been initiated to replace it. The first two volumes of this new dictionary, DDO, were published in 2. Although it is in itself an interesting topic, for reasons of space, I cannot give more details on the ideological sites of the different dictionaries and their production. These two dictionaries take a central role in the analysis done in this paper. Far more than 5. 0 different words and word groups have been analysed in this study. They are presented here together with the dictionaries where they are found as word entries.(9) Danish word entry Translation Dictionary sources (year: page)antropofag man eater barbar barbar. DOF 1. 90. 7 1: 3. DSO 1. 95. 7 1. 95. GF 1. 97. 4: 4. 5DDO 2. DDO 2. 00. 3: 2. 90. ODS 1. 91. 8 1: 1. NDO 1. 96. 9 1: 6. GF 1. 97. 4: 4. 5PNO 2. DO 1. 85. 9 1: 1. ODS 1. 91. 8 1: 1. NDO 1. 96. 9 1: 6. ODS- S 1: 1. 00. 7 DDO 2. DOF 1. 90. 7 1: 3. DSO 1. 95. 7 1. 95. GF 1. 97. 4: 4. 5PNO 2. DOF 1. 90. 7 1: 3. NDO 1. 96. 9 1: 6. DDO 2. 00. 3: 2. 90 ODS 1. GF 1. 97. 4: 4. 5barbariske folk barbarian people bl. DSO 1. 95. 7: 8. 6. PNO 2. 00. 1, 1: 4. DOF 1. 90. 7 1: 2. OSD- S 3: 1. 37. NDO 1. DDO 2. 00. 4: 3. 82hedning/er/ne heathen(s)DO 1. NDO 1. 96. 9 1: 3. DDO 2. 00. 4: 6. 72. DOF 1. 90. 7 1: 3. PNO 2. 00. 1, 1: 5. DOF 1. 90. 7 1: 3. DDO 2. 00. 4: 7. 00h. Other historical documents such as official certificatesandtrade registerswere also consultedfor the type of vocabulary used. A third source that was considered were historical studies that mention some of the concepts and vocabulary of Danish colonialism (Hoxcer Jensen et al., 1. Br. By analysing the words and the explanations provided for them in the dictionaries, a number of additional words, which have been used frequently to explain them, were added to the list. Single words, compounds, derivations and antonyms were all taken into account.(1. The analysis demonstrates to what extent monolingual dictionaries can serve as resources for investigating attitudes towards colonialism within a European country.
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